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| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE | 674 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README | 44 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | __init__.py | 1 | ||||
| -rwxr-xr-x | config.py | 104 | ||||
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| -rwxr-xr-x | fetch.py | 163 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | lecroy.py | 223 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | scope.py | 136 | ||||
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diff --git a/.hgignore b/.hgignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea5e656 --- /dev/null +++ b/.hgignore @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +syntax:glob +*.pyc +*~
\ No newline at end of file @@ -0,0 +1,674 @@ + GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE + Version 3, 29 June 2007 + + Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/> + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + Preamble + + The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for +software and other kinds of works. + + The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed +to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast, +the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to +share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free +software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use the +GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to +any other work released this way by its authors. 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If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + +Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. + + If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short +notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: + + <program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author> + This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. + This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it + under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. + +The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate +parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's commands +might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box". + + You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, +if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. +For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see +<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + + The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program +into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you +may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with +the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General +Public License instead of this License. But first, please read +<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>. @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +LeCrunch version 1.0 +==================== + +Installation +------------ + +You must have h5py, a general-purpose Python interface to the Hierarchical +Data Format Library version 5 installed. The source can be downloaded from +<code.google.com/p/h5py>, or on an ubuntu distribution: + +~$ sudo apt-get install python-h5py + +Then just source the env.sh file in this directory, and you're good to go! + +What is LeCrunch? +----------------- + +LeCrunch is a set or libraries and scripts for communicating and extracting +waveform traces from LeCroy DSO oscilloscopes. + +How to use LeCrunch +------------------- + +The syntax to fetch waveforms: + +~$ fetch.py <filename> [-n NUMBER OF TRACES] [-r NUMBER OF RUNS] + +where <filename> is the name of the file you would like LeCrunch to store the +extracted waveforms; waveforms are stored in the hdf5 file format. + +Documentation +------------- + +Currently, this README file is the only documentation. + +Bug Reports +----------- + +Please send bug reports to <telatorre@gmail.com> + +That's all folks! +----------------- + +--Anthony LaTorre <telatorre@gmail.com>
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/__init__.py b/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..80ccd7c --- /dev/null +++ b/__init__.py @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +from fetch import fetch diff --git a/config.py b/config.py new file mode 100755 index 0000000..8df9635 --- /dev/null +++ b/config.py @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +# LeCrunch +# Copyright (C) 2010 Anthony LaTorre +# +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU General Public License for more details. +# +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. +""" +Save/load settings from a LeCroy DSO oscilloscope. Settings are saved as a +python dictionary in two ways: pickled to a stand-alone file, or attached as +attributes to a hdf5 file. Settings can be loaded from either source. + +Examples: + Save/load settings to/from a pickled dictionary. + >>> settings.py save mysettings.pkl + >>> settings.py load mysettings.pkl + sending TIME_DIV + sending COMM_FORMAT + ... + + Save/load settings from a dataset. + >>> fetch.py test.hdf5 -n 100 + Saving event: 1000 + Completed 1000 events in 15.302 seconds. + Averaged 0.01530 seconds per acquisition. + Wrote to file 'test.hdf5'. + >>> settings.py load test.hdf5 + sending TIME_DIV + sending COMM_FORMAT + ... +""" + +commands = ['TIME_DIV', 'COMM_FORMAT', 'COMM_HEADER', 'COMM_ORDER'] + \ + ['TRIG_DELAY', 'TRIG_SELECT', 'TRIG_MODE', 'TRIG_PATTERN'] + \ + ['C%i:COUPLING' % i for i in range(1,5)] + \ + ['C%i:VOLT_DIV' % i for i in range(1,5)] + \ + ['C%i:OFFSET' % i for i in range(1,5)] + \ + ['C%i:TRIG_COUPLING' % i for i in range(1,5)] + \ + ['C%i:TRIG_LEVEL' % i for i in range(1,5)] + \ + ['C%i:TRIG_SLOPE' % i for i in range(1,5)] + \ + ['C%i:TRACE' % i for i in range(1,5)] + +def get_settings(scope): + settings = {} + for command in commands: + scope.send(command + '?') + settings[command] = scope.recv().strip() + scope.check_last_command() + return settings + +def set_settings(scope, settings): + for command, setting in settings.items(): + print 'sending %s' % command + scope.send(setting) + scope.check_last_command() + +if __name__ == '__main__': + import sys + import optparse + import pickle + import h5py + + usage = '%prog <save/load> filename' + parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage) + options, args = parser.parse_args() + + if len(args) < 2: + sys.exit(parser.format_help()) + + from scope import Scope + + scope = Scope('scope01.hep.upenn.edu') + scope.connect() + scope.clear() + + if args[0] == 'save': + settings = get_settings(scope) + for command, setting in settings.items(): + print '%s, %s' % (command, setting) + f = open(args[1], 'wb') + pickle.dump(settings, f) + f.close() + elif args[0] == 'load': + try: + f = h5py.File(args[1], 'r') + settings = dict(f.attrs) + f.close() + except h5py.h5e.LowLevelIOError: + f = open(args[1], 'r') + settings = pickle.load(f) + f.close() + + set_settings(scope, settings) + else: + raise Exception('unrecognized command %s' % args[0]) @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +THIS=$(dirname ${BASH_ARGV[0]}) +LECRUNCH=$(cd ${THIS}; pwd) +export LECRUNCH + +# add lecrunch to $PATH and $PYTHONPATH +export PATH=$LECRUNCH:$PATH +export PYTHONPATH=$LECRUNCH:$PYTHONPATH
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/fetch.py b/fetch.py new file mode 100755 index 0000000..0db4984 --- /dev/null +++ b/fetch.py @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +# LeCrunch +# Copyright (C) 2010 Anthony LaTorre +# +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU General Public License for more details. +# +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + +import os +import sys +import time +import socket +import struct +import h5py +from lecroy import LeCroyScope +from config import get_settings + +def fetch(filename, events): + """ + Fetch and save waveform traces from the oscilloscope. + + Args: + - filename: str + Filename to store traces in (in hdf5 format). + - events: int + Number of triggered events to save in `filename`. + """ + scope = LeCroyScope('scope01.hep.upenn.edu') + scope.connect() + + # turn off the display + scope.send('display off') + scope.check_last_command() + + # clear the output queue + scope.clear() + + # get active channels + channels = scope.getchannels() + + # get scope configuration + settings = get_settings(scope) + + # get wave descriptors for each channel + # important to do this before queue is primed! + wavedesc = {} + for channel in channels: + wavedesc[channel] = scope.getwavedesc(channel) + + # prime the output queue + for i in range(10): + scope.trigger() + for channel in channels: + scope.send('c%i:wf? dat1' % channel) + + # open up the output file + f = h5py.File(filename, 'w') + # set scope configuration + for command, setting in settings.items(): + f.attrs[command] = setting + dataset = {} + for channel in channels: + samples = wavedesc[channel]['wave_array_count'] + chunks = (max(1,min(100, events//100)), samples) + dataset[channel] = f.create_dataset('channel%i' % channel, + (events, samples), + dtype=wavedesc[channel]['dtype'], + chunks=chunks, + compression='gzip') + for key, value in wavedesc[channel].items(): + try: + dataset[channel].attrs[key] = value + except ValueError: + pass + + # start a timer + time0 = time.time() + + try: + for i in range(events): + print '\rSaving event: %i' % (i+1), + sys.stdout.flush() + + try: + scope.trigger() + for channel in channels: + dataset[channel][i] = scope.getwaveform(channel, + wavedesc[channel]) + except (socket.error, struct.error, RuntimeError, OverflowError): + print "\nFailed to receive waveform %i" % (i+1) + # clear the output queue + scope.clear() + # reprime the queue + for i in range(10): + scope.trigger() + for channel in channels: + scope.send('c%i:wf? dat1' % channel) + continue + print + except KeyboardInterrupt: + print + print 'Resizing datasets...' + for channel in channels: + dataset[channel].resize((i, wavedesc[channel]['wave_array_count'])) + raise KeyboardInterrupt + finally: + f.close() + scope.clear() + scope.send('display on') + scope.check_last_command() + scope.close() + + elapsed = time.time() - time0 + + print 'Completed %i events in %.3f seconds.' % (i+1, elapsed) + print 'Averaged %.5f seconds per acquisition.' % (elapsed/(i+1)) + print "Wrote to file '%s'." % filename + +if __name__ == '__main__': + import optparse + + usage = "usage: %prog <filename/prefix> [-n] [-r]" + parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage, version="%prog 0.1.0") + parser.add_option("-n", type="int", dest="events", + help="number of events to store per run", default=1000) + parser.add_option("-r", type="int", dest="runs", + help="number of runs", default=1) + parser.add_option("--time", action="store_true", dest="time", + help="append time string to filename", default=False) + (options, args) = parser.parse_args() + + if len(args) < 1: + sys.exit(parser.format_help()) + + if options.events < 1 or options.runs < 1: + sys.exit("Please specify a number >= 1 for number of events/runs") + + if options.runs == 1 and not options.time: + fetch(args[0], options.events) + else: + import time + import string + + for i in range(options.runs): + timestr = string.replace(time.asctime(time.localtime()), ' ', '-') + filename = args[0] + '_' + timestr + '.hdf5' + print '-' * 65 + print 'Saving to file %s' % filename + print '-' * 65 + + try: + fetch(filename, options.events) + except KeyboardInterrupt: + break diff --git a/lecroy.py b/lecroy.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..31c282e --- /dev/null +++ b/lecroy.py @@ -0,0 +1,223 @@ +# LeCrunch +# Copyright (C) 2010 Anthony LaTorre +# +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU General Public License for more details. +# +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + +import sys +import re +import array +import StringIO +import struct +import numpy as np +import scope + +# data types in lecroy binary blocks, where: +# length -- byte length of type +# string -- string representation of type +# packfmt -- format string for struct.unpack() +class String: + length = 16 + string = 'string' +class Byte: + length = 1 + string = 'byte' + packfmt = 'b' +class Word: + length = 2 + string = 'word' + packfmt = 'h' +class Long: + length = 4 + string = 'long' + packfmt = 'l' +class Enum: + length = 2 + string = 'enum' + packfmt = 'h' +class Float: + length = 4 + string = 'float' + packfmt = 'f' +class Double: + length = 8 + string = 'double' + packfmt = 'd' +class TimeStamp: + length = 16 + string = 'time_stamp' + packfmt = 'dbbbbhh' +class UnitDefinition: + length = 48 + string = 'unit_definition' + +# byte length of wavedesc block +wavedesclength = 346 + +# template of wavedesc block, where each entry in tuple is: +# (variable name, byte position from beginning of block, datatype) +wavedesc_template = ( ('descriptor_name' , 0 , String), + ('template_name' , 16 , String), + ('comm_type' , 32 , Enum), + ('comm_order' , 34 , Enum), + ('wave_descriptor' , 36 , Long), + ('user_text' , 40 , Long), + ('res_desc1' , 44 , Long), + ('trigtime_array' , 48 , Long), + ('ris_time_array' , 52 , Long), + ('res_array1' , 56 , Long), + ('wave_array_1' , 60 , Long), + ('wave_array_2' , 64 , Long), + ('res_array_2' , 68 , Long), + ('res_array_3' , 72 , Long), + ('instrument_name' , 76 , String), + ('instrument_number' , 92 , Long), + ('trace_label' , 96 , String), + ('reserved1' , 112 , Word), + ('reserved2' , 114 , Word), + ('wave_array_count' , 116 , Long), + ('pnts_per_screen' , 120 , Long), + ('first_valid_pnt' , 124 , Long), + ('last_valid_pnt' , 128 , Long), + ('first_point' , 132 , Long), + ('sparsing_factor' , 136 , Long), + ('segment_index' , 140 , Long), + ('subarray_count' , 144 , Long), + ('sweeps_per_acq' , 148 , Long), + ('points_per_pair' , 152 , Word), + ('pair_offset' , 154 , Word), + ('vertical_gain' , 156 , Float), + ('vertical_offset' , 160 , Float), + ('max_value' , 164 , Float), + ('min_value' , 168 , Float), + ('nominal_bits' , 172 , Word), + ('nom_subarray_count' , 174 , Word), + ('horiz_interval' , 176 , Float), + ('horiz_offset' , 180 , Double), + ('pixel_offset' , 188 , Double), + ('vertunit' , 196 , UnitDefinition), + ('horunit' , 244 , UnitDefinition), + ('horiz_uncertainty' , 292 , Float), + ('trigger_time' , 296 , TimeStamp), + ('acq_duration' , 312 , Float), + ('record_type' , 316 , Enum), + ('processing_done' , 318 , Enum), + ('reserved5' , 320 , Word), + ('ris_sweeps' , 322 , Word), + ('timebase' , 324 , Enum), + ('vert_coupling' , 326 , Enum), + ('probe_att' , 328 , Float), + ('fixed_vert_gain' , 332 , Enum), + ('bandwidth_limit' , 334 , Enum), + ('vertical_vernier' , 336 , Float), + ('acq_vert_offset' , 340 , Float), + ('wave_source' , 344 , Enum) ) + +class LeCroyScope(scope.Scope): + """ + A class for triggering and fetching waveforms from the oscilloscope. + + .. note:: + + You must call connect() on the object before fetching waveforms. + """ + def __init__(self, host, port=1861, timeout=2.0): + super(LeCroyScope, self).__init__(host, port, timeout) + + def connect(self): + """Connect to the oscilloscope.""" + super(LeCroyScope, self).connect() + # initialize some parameters + self.send('comm_header short') + self.check_last_command() + self.send('comm_format DEF9,BYTE,BIN') + self.check_last_command() + + def getchannels(self): + """Returns a list of the active channels on the scope.""" + channels = [] + for i in range(1, 5): + self.send('c%i:trace?' %i) + if 'ON' in self.recv(): + channels.append(i) + return channels + + def trigger(self): + """Trigger the oscilloscope and wait for an acquisition.""" + self.send('arm;wait') + + def getwavedesc(self, channel): + if channel not in range(1, 5): + raise Exception('channel must be in %s.' % str(range(1, 5))) + + self.send('c%s:wf? all' % str(channel)) + + msg = self.recv() + if not int(msg[1]) == channel: + raise RuntimeError('waveforms out of sync or comm_header is off.') + + data = StringIO.StringIO(msg) + + startpos = re.search('WAVEDESC', data.read()).start() + + wavedesc = {} + + # check endian + data.seek(startpos + 34) + if struct.unpack('<'+Enum.packfmt, data.read(Enum.length)) == 0: + endian = '>' + wavedesc['little_endian'] = True + np.little_endian = True + else: + endian = '<' + wavedesc['little_endian'] = False + np.little_endian = False + + data.seek(startpos) + + # build dictionary of wave description + for name, pos, datatype in wavedesc_template: + raw = data.read(datatype.length) + if datatype in (String, UnitDefinition): + wavedesc[name] = raw.rstrip('\x00') + elif datatype in (TimeStamp,): + wavedesc[name] = struct.unpack(endian+datatype.packfmt, raw) + else: + wavedesc[name] = struct.unpack(endian+datatype.packfmt, raw)[0] + + # determine data type + if wavedesc['comm_type'] == 0: + wavedesc['dtype'] = np.int8 + elif wavedesc['comm_type'] == 1: + wavedesc['dtype'] = np.int16 + else: + raise Exception('unknown comm_type.') + + return wavedesc + + def getwaveform(self, channel, wavedesc): + """ + Request, process, and return the x and y arrays for channel number + *channel* from the oscilloscope. + """ + + if channel not in range(1, 5): + raise Exception('channel must be in %s.' % str(range(1, 5))) + + self.send('c%s:wf? dat1' % str(channel)) + + msg = self.recv() + if not int(msg[1]) == channel: + raise RuntimeError('waveforms out of sync or comm_header is off.') + + return np.fromstring(msg[22:], wavedesc['dtype'], wavedesc['wave_array_count']) diff --git a/scope.py b/scope.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34438d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/scope.py @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +# LeCrunch +# Copyright (C) 2010 Anthony LaTorre +# +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU General Public License for more details. +# +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. + +import struct +import socket +import os + +headerformat = '>BBBBL' + +errors = { 1 : 'unrecognized command/query header', + 2 : 'illegal header path', + 3 : 'illegal number', + 4 : 'illegal number suffix', + 5 : 'unrecognized keyword', + 6 : 'string error', + 7 : 'GET embedded in another message', + 10 : 'arbitrary data block expected', + 11 : 'non-digit character in byte count field of ' \ + 'arbitrary data block', + 12 : 'EOI detected during definite length data block transfer', + 13 : 'extra bytes detected during definite length data block ' \ + 'transfer' } + +class Scope(object): + """ + A class for low level communication with the oscilliscope over a socket + connection. + """ + def __init__(self, host, port=1861, timeout=2.0): + """Create a socket object to *host* over *port*""" + self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) + self.sock.settimeout(timeout) + self.host = host + self.port = port + self.timeout = timeout + + def settimeout(self, timeout): + """Set the *timeout* for the socket connection in seconds.""" + self.sock.settimeout(timeout) + self.timeout = timeout + + def connect(self): + """Make the socket connection.""" + self.sock.connect((self.host, self.port)) + + def clear(self): + """Clear the oscilloscope's output queue.""" + self.sock.settimeout(2.0) + try: + while True: + self.sock.recv(100) + except socket.timeout: + pass + self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout) + + def close(self): + """Close the socket connection.""" + self.sock.close() + + def send(self, str): + """Format and send the string *str*.""" + if not str.endswith('\n'): + str += '\n' + header = struct.pack(headerformat, 129, 1, 1, 0, len(str)) + self.sock.sendall(header + str) + + def check_last_command(self): + """ + Check that the last command sent was received okay; if not, then + raise an exception with details about the error. + """ + self.send('cmr?') + err = int(self.recv().split(' ')[-1].rstrip('\n')) + + if err in errors: + self.close() + raise Exception(errors[err]) + + def getheader(self): + """ + Unpacks a header string from the oscilloscope into the tuple + (operation, header version, sequence number, spare, total bytes). + """ + return struct.unpack(headerformat, self.sock.recv(8)) + + def recv(self): + """ + Receive, concatenate, and return a 'logical series' of blocks from + the oscilloscope. A 'logical series' consists of one or more blocks + in which the final block is terminated by an EOI terminator + (i.e. the EOI bit in the header block is set to '1'). + """ + reply = '' + while True: + operation, headerver, seqnum, spare, totalbytes = self.getheader() + + buffer = '' + + while len(buffer) < totalbytes: + buffer += self.sock.recv(totalbytes - len(buffer)) + + reply += buffer + + if operation % 2: + break + + return reply + +if __name__ == '__main__': + import sys + scope = Scope('scope01.hep.upenn.edu') + scope.connect() + scope.clear() + + for msg in sys.argv[1:]: + scope.send(msg) + if '?' in msg: + print repr(scope.recv()) + + scope.check_last_command() + + scope.close() @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +# LeCrunch +# Copyright (C) 2010 Anthony LaTorre +# +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by +# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or +# (at your option) any later version. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU General Public License for more details. +# +# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. +import sys +import numpy as np +import h5py +from ROOT import * +gROOT.SetStyle('Plain') + +import optparse +parser = optparse.OptionParser('%prog file') +parser.add_option('-n', type='int', dest='events', default=500) +options, args = parser.parse_args() + +f = h5py.File(sys.argv[1], 'r') + +mg = {} +for dataset in [f[name] for name in f]: + mg[dataset.name] = TMultiGraph() + + samples = dataset.attrs['wave_array_count'] + dx = dataset.attrs['horiz_interval'] + dy = dataset.attrs['vertical_gain'] + xoffset = dataset.attrs['horiz_offset'] + yoffset = dataset.attrs['vertical_offset'] + + x = np.linspace(xoffset, xoffset + dx*samples, samples) + + for i, waveform in enumerate(dataset[:min(options.events, len(dataset))]): + print '\rreading waveform: %i' % (i+1), + sys.stdout.flush() + + y = waveform.astype(np.float64)*dy - yoffset + + mg[dataset.name].Add(TGraph(len(x), x, y)) + print + +c = TCanvas('c', '', 800, 600) +c.Divide(1, len(mg)) +for i, key in enumerate(mg): + c.cd(i+1) + mg[key].SetTitle(';Time (s);Amplitude (V)') + mg[key].Draw('AL') + c.cd(i+1).Update() + +raw_input('press enter') |